The main West Iranian languages, i.e. Old Persian, Parthian, Middle Persian, New Persian and – in some respects – Avestan, may be studied in a uniquely continuous development stretching over close to 3 000 years. These languages are not only the result of their genetic inter-relations but also of their cultural, religious and political history. They may be labelled ‘high languages’ (‘Hochsprachen’), in the sense that they are cultured and standardized and used for a great number of purposes by people of various linguistic backgrounds. This article presents an over-view of their development seen from a specific perspective. The traditional Iranian walled-in garden, the pairi-daēza-of the Avesta, is used as a metaphor for a high language in contrast to the free vegetation of spontaneous human speech in social interaction. The latter is here called ‘dialect’, a concept that includes both ‘geolect’ and ‘sociolect’. These high language ‘GARDENS’ are thus viewed as a kind of cultural artefacts. Among other things, this has implications for views on the dichotomy literacy/orality, showing that writing is not language and that ‘orality’ belongs both to ‘high language’ and ‘dialect’. It is furthermore argued that literacy and orality were present in complementary distribution throughout the whole known history of the Iranian cultural sphere.

Throughout history, “creation of garden” has been one of the most spectacular human activities. Art of gardening is considered as one of the ancient Iranian arts that has valuable traditions and spiritual power. Stepping into an Iranian garden compels us to think about this idea that what mysteries have been concealed behind its adorned appearance. It has not gotten old over the centuries. Also invites modern human being for a visit with its tempting perspective. Surrounding environment and the amount of water cause the appearances of GARDENS in Iran. Since the information about the GARDENS of Samarkand are limited to reports of Clavijo and a number of articles, and most GARDENS of Samarkand and Isfahan don’t exist now, the physical structures of GARDENS in Samarkand and Isfahan are the main issue of this paper so that the present contents in this study will be a step for further studies in this field.Accordingl this study by a descriptive – historical approach, intends to identify the elements that have formed Timurid GARDENS and Safavid GARDENS and the similarities and differences between these GARDENS in two different eras. Indeed, the descriptions that represented in these two periods have more detailed than previous periods and these have helped to recognize the GARDENS in these periods. Also the question will be responded that how much Timurid GARDENS and especially the GARDENS which had built in Samarkand by Timur, affected on the subsequent GARDENS. We consider GARDENS in these two eras i.e., Timurid and Safavid eras, by the aid of historical descriptions, itineraries and documents and comparison them with each other as well as studies which done by contemporary researchers, it is concluded that Safavid style landscape gardening, especially the Chaharbagh avenue, roots in Timurid era.

Today, the tourism industry is one of the main Factors of economic growth and development at the level of cities and countries. This industry is expanding day by day and each country, with its potential, is trying to attract more tourists. In the meantime, one of the unique potential of our country in attracting tourists is the presence of GARDENS located on the margins and in the cities. GARDENS around Qazvin is one of these potential which, if planned properly, can create a tourist environment for Qazvin citizens as attraction of tourists from other parts of the country and even abroad. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to provide strategies for tourism development in GARDENS around Qazvin. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the data collection method has been document-field based. The sample size of this research is 30 experts and managers. The swot model was used to analyze the collected data and present a suitable strategy. Then 5 of the professors and experts responded to the second questionnaire to prioritize the strategies of the SWOT technique, and the DEMETL technique was used to rank the strategies. The results of the research have shown that the tourism of Qazvin GARDENS is in a competitive position. Finally, appropriate strategies were developed to improve the tourism situation in Ghazvin GARDENS.

In the wide territory of Iran, there are GARDENS that are considered as valuable examples, from the point of view of art and architecture and popularized Iranian landscape design in other countries and especially in Islamic ones. Many books and papers were written about these GARDENS but not much talk about the reasons of appearance of the GARDENS that were mostly in hot and dry continents. Was the only purpose of design of these beautiful GARDENS, just a shelter from the heat? Are GARDENS, symbol of thoughts of their period? What were the reasons to build these masterpieces of landscape architecture.We can say that governor’s thoughts in different time periods strongly influenced every aspect of architecture, including garden design. Elements such as religion, recreation, government and politics were the main causes of these designs.

The need for gardening in different periods in different areas and for different people has led to the creation of different types of Iranian GARDENS. In the physical space of some Iranian GARDENS, in addition to the main and inner mansion space, there are also service and side spaces. One of the most important service spaces is the hot tub, and this research deals with this independent use as an element dependent on the garden, and by studying nine examples of hot tubs in the garden, it has investigated the physical and functional patterns of hot tubs in Iranian GARDENS. The question is, what are the physical and functional patterns of hot springs in Iranian GARDENS? This research is of a qualitative type and the research method is in the descriptive-analytical theoretical part. Library information collection tools. Based on the obtained information, the physical and functional patterns of hot springs located in the garden were analyzed using comparative analysis. The results of the research show that the hot springs built in the GARDENS were mostly private or private-public. In some GARDENS, there is a formal connection between the geometry of the vestibule or the partition space of the pavilion, with the geometry of the Garmaba garden space.By analyzing the positioning of garmabeh in relation to the main axis, sub-axis, koshk and sardar, it can be seen that in all GARDENS, garmabeh is located in the sub-axis of the garden and in connection with the koshk or the sardar building.

The classic Persian literature constitutes a part of the most important sources of the history of Iranian architecture. Beyhaqi’s History (Tarix-eBeyhaqi) is among the most genuine Persian literaty texts. Originaly known as The Sebuktigin’s Family History (Tarix-e AI-e Sebuktigin), not more than six volumes of the Initially voluminous book by Abolfazl Beyhaqi-e Dabir, from half of the fifth volume to half of the tenth volume, has been remained. The remaining part starts with the story of Mahmoud’s death, enthronement of Mohammad proceeded by Masoud and ends with Masoud’s last trip to India in evade from the SeljuqTorkmans. Beyhaqi, who exemplifies a shrewd historian, has written his history strictly on the basis of his direct experiences in the Qaznavid’s court. There are plenty of information about buildings and city in his book, although he does not show same level of sensibilty and accurateness as his contemporary scholar, Nasser-Khosrow, regarding architecture and its physical properties. His word proves the ability of Persian language in representing architectural atmosphere and space.GARDENS appear in Beyhaqi’s History frequently. Masoud Qaznavi’s life was spent more in tents and GARDENS rather than in palaces. Beyhaqi has mentioned and explained some architectural aspects of different GARDENS of the greater Khurasan, such as those of Qazni, Balkh, Herat, Neyshabur, Ghor, Dasht-e Legan, while corresponding Masoud, and other Qaznavid rulers and their authorities' lives.

Iranian Bagh (garden), whose, based on some historic documents, origin goes back to at least the Achaemenian epoch, has had some basic and unique characteristics that makes them distinguishable from other types of GARDENS in other cultures. Some of these characteristics, such as the Chahar Bagh plan, and the use of checkered nets, have been almost always used in Iranian GARDENS. After the Ghajar epoch, under the influence of European culture and architecture designing circumstances of Iranian GARDENS has been transformed. Certain spaces, where the usage of curve and non-symmetrical lines and planes were the major characteristics, came in sight. Such green arenas, imitating the European ones, were named Park. We can see some of these parks, which received attention of the nobles and dignitaries, and then used for designing of public green arenas, in the map of Tehran during the Ghajar epoch. These early parks were like private GARDENS, regarding their ownership and usages. By the Pahlavies epoch, contemporaneous with some fundamental and structural transformations in urban texture and usages and some changes in construction of residential units that lead to reducing in size of the their yards and green arena, we can see the emergence of a new kind of urban green areas which were designed and constructed for public usages, unlike the early parks which had private ownership and uses. They lacked also physically, built space such as what could be find in the GARDENS.

Biodiversity consists of wide range diversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Nowadays, agrobiodiversity conservation is one the most important aspects of sustainable agriculture. In this research, agrobiodiversity in farmlands, GARDENS and home garden systems was assessed and compared. In addition the role of home GARDENS as an effective strategy in In-situ conservation was evaluated. Needed information was obtained by questionnaire method in eight villages in east of Tehran province (Jajrood basin). The questionnaires were completed by 30 percent of households in the area during 2009 and 2010. The result showed that, richness and Shannon indices which were indicators of spices diversity in home GARDENS were more in farmlands and horticulture ecosystems Results also revealed that in some villages like Siahsang which lots of farmland and garden ecosystems had been disappeared, home GARDENS were the only conservative systems of species, which indicate the important function of home GARDENS species conservation. In this study Maranak and Khosroabad villages with 7 and 12 species, respectively in farmland and GARDENS show had the highest species richness index in agricultural ecosystems.